Phytoplankton Report

Author

Tiffany Brown

Introduction

The Department of Water Resources (DWR) and the US Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) are required by Water Right Decision 1641 (D-1641) to collect phytoplankton and chlorophyll a samples to monitor algal community composition and biomass at select sites in the upper San Francisco Estuary (Estuary). This report describes the results of these monitoring efforts for water year 2023 (October 1st 2022 through September 30th 2023) which was classified as a wet year in the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys (source).

Methods

Phytoplankton samples were collected monthly at 24 monitoring sites throughout the Upper Estuary and were grouped into regions based on their geographic location (Figure 1; Table 1). These sites represent a variety of aquatic habitats, from narrow, freshwater channels to broad, estuarine bays.

Figure 1: Map of EMP’s phytoplankton field sites.
Table 1: Stations included within each region of the Delta
Region WY Index Stations
Carquinez Sacramento NZ002, NZ004
Central Delta San Joaquin D16, D19, D26, D28A
Confluence Sacramento D4, D10, D12, D22
North Delta Sacramento C3A, NZ068
San Pablo Bay Sacramento D41, D41A, NZ325
South Delta San Joaquin C9, C10A, MD10A, P8
Suisun and Grizzly Bays Sacramento D6, D7, D8
Suisun Marsh Sacramento NZ032, NZS42

Phytoplankton

The 10 most common genera were determined by summing the normalized organism counts across all stations and months for each genus. For the bar graphs, average organism counts were calculated per month, per region, and normalized to the number of stations. Average summary statistics are reported as the mean (μ) ± the standard deviation.

For more in-depth methodology, see here.

Chlorophyll a and Pheophytin a

Samples of chlorophyll a and pheophytin a were collected monthly at 24 monitoring sites throughout the upper Estuary using a submersible pump positioned 1 meter below the water’s surface. Average analyte concentrations were then calculated per month, per region, and were normalized to the number of stations. Average summary statistics are reported as the median (M) ± the median absolute deviation.

For more in-depth methodology, see here.

Overall Results

Phytoplankton Identification

All organisms collected in water year 2023 fell into these 12 algal groups:
• Centric Diatoms
• Chrysophytes
• Ciliates
• Cryptophytes
• Cyanobacteria
• Dinoflagellates
• Euglenoids
• Green Algae
• Haptophytes
• Pennate Diatoms
• Raphidophytes
• Synurophytes

The 10 most common genera collected in water year 2023 were, in order:
• Eucapsis (cyanobacteria)
• Chlorella (green algae)
• Cyclotella (centric diatoms)
• Plagioselmis (cryptophytes)
• Nitzschia (pennate diatoms)
• Skeletonema (centric diatoms)
• Monoraphidium (green algae)
• Teleaulax (cryptophytes)
• Planktolyngbya (cyanobacteria)
• Cryptomonas (cryptophytes)

Of the groups identified, centric diatoms, cyanobacteria, and green algae constituted 99% of the organisms collected (Figure 2).

Figure 2: Phytoplankton composition by algal group.

Pigment Concentrations

97.92% of samples had chlorophyll a levels below 10 μg/L, which is considered limiting for zooplankton growth (Müller-Solger et al., 2002). The average chlorophyll a value was 2.20 ± 0.99 µg/L; values ranged from < 0.50 µg/L to 23.70 µg/L. 0.69% of samples were below the reporting limit. The average pheophytin a value was 0.88 ± 0.37 µg/L; values ranged from < 0.50 µg/L to 6.39 µg/L. 18.75% of samples were below the reporting limit.

Regional Results

Carquinez

Water Quality

The average chlorophyll a value was 2.54 ± 0.91 µg/L; values ranged from 0.56 µg/L to 4.87 µg/L. The average pheophytin a value was 0.64 ± 0.38 µg/L; values ranged from < 0.50 µg/L to 1.84 µg/L. 37.5% of samples were below the reporting limit. Time series plots averaged over region are shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3: Chlorophyll a and pheophytin a average concentrations in Carquinez.

Phytoplankton

The most abundant algal groups were cyanobacteria (96% of organisms, µ = 70985 ± 81163 organisms/mL), green algae (2.2% of organisms, µ = 1613 ± 1939 organisms/mL), and centric diatoms (1.1% of organisms, µ = 784 ± 872 organisms/mL). The remaining 0.7% of organisms were comprised of chrysophytes, ciliates, cryptophytes, dinoflagellates, euglenoids, and pennate diatoms (Other, Figure 4).

Figure 4: Density of phytoplankton organisms in Carquinez.

Central Delta

Water Quality

The average chlorophyll a value was 1.58 ± 0.68 µg/L; values ranged from < 0.50 µg/L to 7.95 µg/L. 2.08% of samples were below the reporting limit. The average pheophytin a value was 0.70 ± 0.27 µg/L; values ranged from < 0.50 µg/L to 2.62 µg/L. 16.67% of samples were below the reporting limit. Time series plots averaged over region are shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5: Chlorophyll a and pheophytin a average concentrations in the Central Delta.

Phytoplankton

The most abundant algal groups were cyanobacteria (94.9% of organisms, µ = 44517 ± 76927 organisms/mL) and green algae (2.6% of organisms, µ = 1220 ± 1804 organisms/mL). The remaining 2.5% of organisms were comprised of centric diatoms, chrysophytes, cryptophytes, dinoflagellates, euglenoids, haptophytes, and pennate diatoms (Other, Figure 6).

Figure 6: Density of phytoplankton organisms in the Central Delta.

Confluence

Water Quality

The average chlorophyll a value was 2.05 ± 0.90 µg/L; values ranged from 0.61 µg/L to 5.42 µg/L. The average pheophytin a value was 0.80 ± 0.30 µg/L; values ranged from < 0.50 µg/L to 2.20 µg/L. 18.75% of samples were below the reporting limit. Time series plots averaged over region are shown in Figure 7.

Figure 7: Chlorophyll a and pheophytin a average concentrations in the Confluence.

Phytoplankton

The most abundant algal groups were cyanobacteria (95.7% of organisms, µ = 84833 ± 116550 organisms/mL) and green algae (2.5% of organisms, µ = 2234 ± 2957 organisms/mL). The remaining 1.7% of organisms were comprised of centric diatoms, chrysophytes, ciliates, cryptophytes, dinoflagellates, euglenoids, pennate diatoms, and raphidophytes (Other, Figure 8).

Figure 8: Density of phytoplankton organisms in the Confluence.

North Delta

Water Quality

The average chlorophyll a value was 1.98 ± 0.87 µg/L; values ranged from 0.53 µg/L to 5.45 µg/L. The average pheophytin a value was 0.70 ± 0.38 µg/L; values ranged from < 0.50 µg/L to 3.57 µg/L. 37.5% of samples were below the reporting limit. Time series plots averaged over region are shown in Figure 9.

Figure 9: Chlorophyll a and pheophytin a average concentrations in the North Delta.

Phytoplankton

The most abundant algal groups were cyanobacteria (92.1% of organisms, µ = 44279 ± 67906 organisms/mL), green algae (4.5% of organisms, µ = 2184 ± 3616 organisms/mL), pennate diatoms (1.6% of organisms, µ = 787 ± 1694 organisms/mL), and centric diatoms (1.2% of organisms, µ = 553 ± 616 organisms/mL). The remaining 0.6% of organisms were comprised of chrysophytes, ciliates, cryptophytes, dinoflagellates, and euglenoids (Other, Figure 10).

Figure 10: Density of phytoplankton organisms in the North Delta.

San Pablo Bay

Water Quality

The average chlorophyll a value was 3.38 ± 1.48 µg/L; values ranged from < 0.50 µg/L to 16.50 µg/L. 2.78% of samples were below the reporting limit. The average pheophytin a value was 0.79 ± 0.32 µg/L; values ranged from < 0.50 µg/L to 5.90 µg/L. 25% of samples were below the reporting limit. Time series plots averaged over region are shown in Figure 11.

Figure 11: Chlorophyll a and pheophytin a average concentrations in the San Pablo Bay.

Phytoplankton

The most abundant algal groups were cyanobacteria (94.5% of organisms, µ = 53698 ± 46512 organisms/mL), green algae (3% of organisms, µ = 1687 ± 1866 organisms/mL), and centric diatoms (1.8% of organisms, µ = 1021 ± 1284 organisms/mL). The remaining 0.7% of organisms were comprised of chrysophytes, ciliates, cryptophytes, dinoflagellates, euglenoids, pennate diatoms, and synurophytes (Other, Figure 12).

Figure 12: Density of phytoplankton organisms in the San Pablo Bay.

South Delta

Water Quality

The average chlorophyll a value was 2.52 ± 1.18 µg/L; values ranged from 0.57 µg/L to 23.70 µg/L. The average pheophytin a value was 1.39 ± 0.51 µg/L; values ranged from < 0.50 µg/L to 6.39 µg/L. 4.17% of samples were below the reporting limit. Time series plots averaged over region are shown in Figure 13.

Figure 13: Chlorophyll a and pheophytin a average concentrations in the South Delta.

Phytoplankton

The most abundant algal groups were cyanobacteria (95.4% of organisms, µ = 86634 ± 285109 organisms/mL), green algae (2.2% of organisms, µ = 2024 ± 3270 organisms/mL), and centric diatoms (1.2% of organisms, µ = 1090 ± 1558 organisms/mL). The remaining 1.2% of organisms were comprised of chrysophytes, ciliates, cryptophytes, dinoflagellates, euglenoids, and pennate diatoms (Other, Figure 14).

Figure 14: Density of phytoplankton organisms in the South Delta.

Suisun and Grizzly Bays

Water Quality

The average chlorophyll a value was 2.58 ± 0.87 µg/L; values ranged from 0.83 µg/L to 6.79 µg/L. The average pheophytin a value was 0.93 ± 0.38 µg/L; values ranged from < 0.50 µg/L to 2.40 µg/L. 19.44% of samples were below the reporting limit. Time series plots averaged over region are shown in Figure 15.

Figure 15: Chlorophyll a and pheophytin a average concentrations in Suisun and Grizzly Bays.

Phytoplankton

The most abundant algal groups were cyanobacteria (95.8% of organisms, µ = 80677 ± 103464 organisms/mL), green algae (2.4% of organisms, µ = 1995 ± 2674 organisms/mL), and centric diatoms (1.1% of organisms, µ = 905 ± 1332 organisms/mL). The remaining 0.8% of organisms were comprised of chrysophytes, ciliates, cryptophytes, dinoflagellates, euglenoids, haptophytes, and pennate diatoms (Other, Figure 16).

Figure 16: Density of phytoplankton organisms in Suisun and Grizzly Bays.

Suisun Marsh

Water Quality

The average chlorophyll a value was 2.21 ± 1.12 µg/L; values ranged from 0.99 µg/L to 9.46 µg/L. . The average pheophytin a value was 1.44 ± 0.56 µg/L; values ranged from < 0.50 µg/L to 3.56 µg/L. 4.17% of samples were below the reporting limit. Time series plots averaged over region are shown in Figure 17.

Figure 17: Chlorophyll a and pheophytin a average concentrations in Suisun Marsh.

Phytoplankton

The most abundant algal groups were cyanobacteria (96.4% of organisms, µ = 116678 ± 103168 organisms/mL), green algae (2% of organisms, µ = 2470 ± 2622 organisms/mL), and centric diatoms (1.1% of organisms, µ = 1317 ± 1994 organisms/mL). The remaining 0.4% of organisms were comprised of chrysophytes, cryptophytes, dinoflagellates, euglenoids, pennate diatoms, and raphidophytes (Other, Figure 18).

Figure 18: Density of phytoplankton organisms in Suisun Marsh.

Interpretations

Overall, chlorophyll-a, pheophytin-a, and phytoplankton abundance followed a seasonal pattern with the highest values of pigments and abundances in the spring and summer months and lower values and abundances in winter months. One exception was a large cyanobacterial bloom in January 2023 which occurred across all regions. However, this bloom was not associated with larger chlorophyll-a values, suggesting that, while the cyanobacteria were abundant, they were not producing large amounts of biomass as chlorophyll-a. Though cyanobacteria were dominant in the abundance counts, all phytoplankton fell into 12 distinct taxonomic groups distributed across all the regions of the San Francisco Estuary. Chlorophyll-a values were low throughout the year across all regions, with the majority of values below 10 µg/L, which is considered food limiting for zooplankton.

References

[APHA] American Public Health Association, American Waterworks, and Water Environmental Federation. 2012. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 22nd ed. Washington, D.C.: American Public Health Association.

Alpine, A. E., and Cloern, J. E. 1992. Trophic interactions and direct physical effects control phytoplankton biomass and production in an estuary. Limnol. Oceanogr. 37: 946-955

Carmichael, W., ed. 1981. The Water Environment, Algal Toxins and Health. Plenum Press, New York, N. Y.

Gannon, J. E. and R. S. Stemberger. 1978. Zooplankton (especially crustaceans and rotifers) as indicators of water quality. Trans. Amer. Microsc. 97:16.

Horne, A. and Goldman, C. 1994. Limnology. 2nd ed. New York, New York, McGraw-Hill, Inc.

Müller-Solger AB, Jassby AD, Müller-Navarra DC. 2002. Nutritional quality of food resources for zooplankton (Daphnia) in a tidal freshwater system (Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta). Limnology and Oceanography 47(5): 1468-1476.

Utermöhl, H. 1958. Zur Vervollkommnung der quantitativen Phytoplankton Methodik. Mitt. Int. Verh. Limnol. 9: 38.

van den Hoek, C., D.G. Mann, and H.M. Jahns. 1995. Algae: an introduction to Phycology. Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom.

Archived Reports

Previous EMP phytoplankton reports can be found here.